Which client scenario represents secondary hypertension?

Secondary hypertension is defined as high blood pressure that is caused by another underlying health condition. In this case, a client diagnosed with kidney disease represents a scenario of secondary hypertension. The kidneys play a critical role in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. When kidney function is impaired, it can lead to increased blood volume and heightened vascular resistance, subsequently raising blood pressure.

The other scenarios do not represent secondary hypertension. While advanced age can contribute to higher blood pressure, it does so as a primary factor rather than as a result of another condition. Excessive alcohol intake may lead to elevated blood pressure but is also considered a lifestyle factor rather than a distinct health condition directly causing hypertension. Lastly, depression, although it can influence overall health and wellness, is not a direct cause of hypertension and does not lead to elevated blood pressure due to an identifiable physiological condition. Therefore, the scenario involving kidney disease clearly illustrates secondary hypertension due to its direct physiological impact on regulating blood pressure.